Eye Color Probe #22 From Uncovering Student Ideas in Life Science, Volume 1: 25 New Formative Assessment Probes

Contributor
Page Keeley
Type Category
Assessment Materials Instructional Materials
Types
Assessment Item , Instructor Guide/Manual
Note
This resource, vetted by NSTA curators, is provided to teachers along with suggested modifications to make it more in line with the vision of the NGSS. While not considered to be "fully aligned," the resources and expert recommendations provide teachers with concrete examples and expert guidance using the EQuIP rubric to adapted existing resources. Read more here.

Reviews

Description

This is one of 25 assessment probes from the book,” Uncovering Student Ideas in Life Science, Volume 1: 25 New Formative Assessment Probes”, by Page Keeley and co-authors. All assessment probes in this collection are aligned to a particular science concept and field-tested by several teachers in classes of diverse student backgrounds. The purpose of this assessment probe is to see if students recognize that some traits, such as eye color, are complex and cannot be predicted by single dominant or recessive genes.

The resource can be used to engage students in the topic as a class discussion starter or to assess their understanding along the way. This is a great extension to the Baby Mice probe from  Uncovering Student Ideas in Life Science, Volume 2: 25 More Formative Assessment Probes”.

Intended Audience

Learner
Educational Level
  • Middle School
Language
English
Access Restrictions

Available for purchase - The right to view, keep, and/or download material upon payment of a one-time fee.

Performance Expectations

MS-LS3-2 Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.

Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on using models such as Punnett squares, diagrams, and simulations to describe the cause and effect relationship of gene transmission from parent(s) to offspring and resulting genetic variation.

Assessment Boundary: none

This resource appears to be designed to build towards this performance expectation, though the resource developer has not explicitly stated so.

Comments about Including the Performance Expectation
Assessment probes are designed to be integrated into classroom instruction. Their purpose it to promote student thinking and open up opportunities for learning. They are best used at the beginning of instruction to elicit students’ prior knowledge and during instruction to monitor developing understanding. Assessment probes provide the teacher with information about what students think about a concept, not only revealing incorrect responses, but also partially correct, or correct responses and reasoning. These data can be used by the teacher to modify instruction and/or provide feedback to students. Assessment probes should never be graded, as this diminishes their utility as formative assessment tools. This probe should be used as an extension to a lesson on the inheritance patterns. Eye Color is an extension of the Baby Mice probe from Uncovering Student Ideas in Life Science, Volume 2: 25 More Formative Assessment Probes”. This Eye Color probe addresses multiple gene inheritance patterns.

Science and Engineering Practices

This resource is explicitly designed to build towards this science and engineering practice.

Comments about Including the Science and Engineering Practice
In science and in the classroom, the practice of engaging in argument from evidence will often precede the development of a generally accepted explanation for a phenomenon. By administering a probe at the beginning and during instruction, the teacher is making student thinking explicit as students inquire about a specific phenomenon. It is helpful to invest the time to allow all student ideas to be made public, e.g. by posting the answer choices on a chart in front of the class and engaging students in a discussion of the justifications for each of the choices. This creates a culture of learning, where individuals’ ideas are valued in contrast to the “correct” answer. Encouraging students to discuss the different answers and justification with a partner or in small group, or as a class, supports the development of productive talk in the science classroom. It encourages students to take risks, listen carefully to each other, and encourages the learner to continue to reflect on their own learning as the lesson unfolds, and thus promotes a safe classroom environment, building a community of learners. In the Eye Color probe, students are given a single question: Could a child whose parents have blue eyes be born with brown eyes? They are then asked to say yes or no and to explain their reasoning from the information they have learned so far. To take full advantage of this learning opportunity, teachers will need to engage students in small-group and/or whole-class discussions of the students’ various reasonings. Students can journal their ideas in their science notebooks after the discussions, and later they should be revisited to see if their ideas have changed. This can be accomplished by writing how and why their thinking may have changed, giving concrete details from new activities. The whole idea of a probe is to allow the students to arrive at a justification for their reasoning. The teacher should just keep the discussions going throughout the topic without giving the correct answer and allow for changes as they progress in their learning.

Disciplinary Core Ideas

This resource is explicitly designed to build towards this disciplinary core idea.

Comments about Including the Disciplinary Core Idea
This probe explores students’ ideas regarding the fact that inherited traits can be determined by a single gene or by multiple genes on one or more chromosome pairs. The probe uses human eye color, which cannot be predicted by simple dominate and recessive inheritance. This probe is a great way to briefly introduce students to other inheritance patterns where misconceptions occur.

Crosscutting Concepts

This resource appears to be designed to build towards this crosscutting concept, though the resource developer has not explicitly stated so.

Comments about Including the Crosscutting Concept
This probe demonstrates how the pairing of certain genes (cause) results in a genotype that is expressed as a phenotype that is observed. In the case of the Eye Color probe, multiple genes are observed as a single phenotype. Human hair color is the results of as many as 16 different genes with two genes on chromosome 15 being the standouts. Human skin color has similar polygenetic inheritance and can be used as another example of this non-Mendelian inheritance. The following link is a good source for teacher background inheritance of human eye color: http://hudsonalpha.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/genetics_of_eye_color.pdf This probe is a great follow-up to the Baby Mice Probe #17 From Uncovering Student Ideas in Science, Volume 2: 25 More Formative Assessment Probes. Eye color allows for an extension of other inheritance patterns, specifically polygenic. Human eye color probes an excellent example of phenomena.

Resource Quality

  • Alignment to the Dimensions of the NGSS: The probe provides opportunities to develop and use specific elements of the disciplinary core idea, by engaging students in a scenario (determining the color of fur in mice offspring) and then creating an argument about an explanation of why. The crosscutting concept of cause and effect is an integral part of making that argument. The resource will serve as an extension to other inheritance patterns, as it builds on students’ prior knowledge. The teacher can use the probe in the middle and at the end of instruction to check for understanding and evaluate students’ growth as their ideas change over time.

  • Instructional Supports: Use of this assessment probe is one of the instructional strategies in an instructional sequence that can include investigations, models/simulation, reading, or analyzing real data. Revisiting the probe in the middle and at the end of the instructional sequence, will support students in monitoring their own learning, especially if students are being asked to share with each other what changes they made to their explanation. The accompanying teacher notes provide good content background, a progression of student understanding from elementary to middle school to high school, common misconceptions, and suggestions for implementation and instruction. Providing a context with which students can identify is helpful for English Language Learners. Student responses to the assessment probe can be used to differentiate instruction. Using a probe does not always have to involve writing. Alternatives include listening to students discuss probes, observing students test ideas from the probes, and having students draw their ideas.

  • Monitoring Student Progress: This resource can be used to formatively assess the students and allows the teacher the flexibility to use again at the end of instruction to monitor the growth of students’ understanding. The teacher notes discuss expected student understanding at different grade bands but not at different levels of understanding within those grade bands, and a rubric is not provided. The information gained from the student responses to this probe should provide useful information to plan and adjust instruction. The teacher notes contain some specific suggestions for instruction and assessment. Based on their selected response answer choices, students could be assigned or self-assign to different answer choices and discuss explanations with other students in that small group. A large group discussion of the class choices and their explanation can be a good start to come to consensus of what the class thinks at the outset of instruction, as students are making arguments for and against different choices. Journaling in a science notebook can be used to revisit previous explanations and based on evidence gathered during discussions and activities these can be adjusted.

  • Quality of Technological Interactivity: This resource does not have a technological component.